Taktik Pengaruh dalam Kepemimpinan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55606/jass.v6i2.2105Keywords:
tactics, influence, characteristics, leadershipAbstract
Leadership in modern organizations has undergone a significant paradigm shift. No longer solely understood as a formal power inherent in a structural position, leadership is now examined as an interpersonal process that is complex, dynamic, and full of nuances of influence. In an increasingly horizontal, collaborative, and network-based organizational environment, a leader's effectiveness is not only determined by formal authority, but also by his ability to influence others strategically and ethically. There are nine main tactics used by leaders to influence the behavior and decisions of others: legitimacy, rational persuasion, inspirational pleas, consultation, exchange, personal pleas, ingratiation, pressure, and coalition. This study explores these nine influence tactics, using an exploratory qualitative approach through document studies and narrative analysis. The results show that the influence tactics carried out by the Leader must be effective and able to adapt the tactics to the social context and ethical values. Influence tactics in carrying out leadership are not prohibited but must be done responsibly and elegantly.
References
Afrahi, B., Blenkinsopp, J., de Arroyabe, J. C. F., & Karim, M. S. (2022). Work disengagement: A review of the literature. Human Resource Management Review, 32(2), 100822.
Al-Swidi, A. K., Gelaidan, H. M., & Saleh, R. M. (2021). The joint impact of green human resource management, leadership and organizational culture on employees’ green behaviour and organisational environmental performance. Journal of Cleaner Production, 316, 128112.
Antonakis, J., Bastardoz, N., Jacquart, P., & Shamir, B. (2016). Charisma: An ill-defined and ill-measured gift. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 3(1), 293–319.
Ashfaq, F., Abid, G., Ilyas, S., & Hasnain, A. (2021). How transformational leadership influences innovative behavior: The mediating role of psychological empowerment and proactivity of employees. Independent Journal of Management & Production, 12(1), 241–264.
Asim, M., Zhiying, L., Nadeem, M. A., Ghani, U., Arshad, M., & Yi, X. (2021). How authoritarian leadership affects employee’s helping behavior? The mediating role of rumination and moderating role of psychological ownership. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 667348.
Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. Free Press.
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1994). Improving organizational effectiveness through transformational leadership. Sage.
Bass, B. M., & Steidlmeier, P. (1999). Ethics, character, and authentic transformational leadership behavior. The Leadership Quarterly, 10(2), 181–217.
Becker, J. A. H., Halbesleben, J. R. B., & O’Hair, D. (2005). Defensive communication and burnout in the workplace: The mediating role of leader–member exchange. Communication Research Reports, 22(2), 143–150.
Blau, P. M. (2017). Exchange and power in social life. Routledge.
Breevaart, K., Bakker, A. B., Hetland, J., Demerouti, E., Olsen, O. K., & Espevik, R. (2014). Daily transactional and transformational leadership and daily employee engagement. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 87(1), 138–157.
Carmeli, A., Dutton, J. E., & Hardin, A. E. (2015). Respect as an engine for new ideas: Linking respectful engagement, relational information processing and creativity among employees and teams. Human Relations, 68(6), 1021–1047.
Cialdini, R. B., & Goldstein, N. J. (2004). Social influence: Compliance and conformity. Annual Review of Psychology, 55(1), 591–621.
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage Publications.
Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M. S. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31(6), 874–900.
DeChurch, L. A., Mesmer-Magnus, J. R., & Doty, D. (2013). Moving beyond relationship and task conflict: Toward a process-state perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98(4), 559–578.
Epitropaki, O., Kark, R., Mainemelis, C., & Lord, R. G. (2017). Leadership and followership identity processes: A multilevel review. The Leadership Quarterly, 28(1), 104–129.
Ferris, G. R., Perrewé, P. L., Anthony, W. P., & Gilmore, D. C. (2016). Political skill at work. In Organizational influence processes (pp. 395–406). Routledge.
Fu, P. P., & Yukl, G. (2000). Perceived effectiveness of influence tactics in the United States and China. The Leadership Quarterly, 11(2), 251–266.
Gagné, M., & Deci, E. L. (2005). Self-determination theory and work motivation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(4), 331–362.
Gilboa, S., Shirom, A., Fried, Y., & Cooper, C. (2008). A meta-analysis of work demand stressors and job performance: Examining main and moderating effects. Personnel Psychology, 61(2), 227–271.
Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R. E., & McKee, A. (2013). Primal leadership: Unleashing the power of emotional intelligence. Harvard Business Press.
Grant, A. M. (2008). The significance of task significance: Job performance effects, relational mechanisms, and boundary conditions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(1), 108–124.
Gulluscio, C. (2023). Legitimacy theory. In Encyclopedia of Sustainable Management (pp. 2209–2215). Springer.
Han, K. J. (2022). Education level and affective polarization: The mediation effects of psychological engagement in politics and authoritarian attitudes. Social Science Quarterly, 103(7), 1633–1646.
Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. McGraw-Hill.
House, R. J. (2004). Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies. Sage.
Jami, M. S., Massoudi, A. H., & Al-Salami, Q. H. (2023). Ethical leadership role in job embeddedness and job involvement. Cihan University-Erbil Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 7(1), 11–15.
Javalagi, A. A., Newman, D. A., & Li, M. (2024). Personality and leadership: Meta-analytic review of cross-cultural moderation, behavioral mediation, and honesty-humility. Journal of Applied Psychology.
Jones, E. E., & Pittman, T. S. (1982). Toward a general theory of strategic self-presentation. In Psychological Perspectives on the Self (Vol. 1, pp. 231–262).
Kapoutsis, I., Papalexandris, A., Thanos, I. C., & Nikolopoulos, A. G. (2012). The role of political tactics on the organizational context–career success relationship. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(9), 1908–1929.
Karaca, H. (2013). An exploratory study on the impact of organizational silence in hierarchical organizations: Turkish national police case. European Scientific Journal, 9(23).
Kennedy, J. C., Fu, P. P., & Yukl, G. (2003). Influence tactics across twelve cultures. In Advances in global leadership (pp. 127–147). Emerald Group Publishing.
Kiazad, K., Restubog, S. L. D., Zagenczyk, T. J., Kiewitz, C., & Tang, R. L. (2010). In pursuit of power: The role of authoritarian leadership in the relationship between supervisors’ Machiavellianism and subordinates’ perceptions of abusive supervisory behavior. Journal of Research in Personality, 44(4), 512–519.
Krug, H., Geibel, H. V., & Otto, K. (2021). Identity leadership and well-being: Team identification and trust as underlying mechanisms. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 42(1), 17–31.
Lee, A., Martin, R., Thomas, G., Guillaume, Y., & Maio, G. R. (2015). Conceptualizing leadership perceptions as attitudes: Using attitude theory to further understand the leadership process. The Leadership Quarterly, 26(6), 910–934.
Liao, S., Zhou, X., Guo, Z., & Li, Z. (2019). How does leader narcissism influence employee voice: The attribution of leader impression management and leader–member exchange. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(10), 1819.
Liu, S., Summers, J. K., Guo, N., Li, X., & Wang, H. (2025). Political skill and informal leader emergence: The role of relationships, competence and outcome interdependence. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 98(1), e12560.
Martin, S. J., Goldstein, N., & Cialdini, R. (2016). The small big: Small changes that spark big influence. Hachette.
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1997). Commitment in the workplace: Theory, research, and application. Sage.
Michel, J. W., & Yukl, G. (2020). Leader behaviors and the changing nature of work. In Leadership in Organizations (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Mintzberg, H. (1983). Power in and around organizations. Prentice-Hall.
Ng, T. W. H., & Feldman, D. C. (2008). The relationship of age to ten dimensions of job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(2), 392–423.
Norman, E., Paramansyah, A., & Zaini, A. W. (2024). The influence of inspiring leadership and religiosity on teacher performance. Al-Tanzim: Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Islam, 8(2), 438–450.
Northouse, P. G. (2025). Leadership: Theory and practice (9th ed.). Sage Publications.
Nye, J. S. (2004). Soft power: The means to success in world politics. PublicAffairs.
Oc, B., Chintakananda, K., Bashshur, M. R., & Day, D. V. (2023). The study of followers in leadership research: A systematic and critical review. The Leadership Quarterly, 34(1), 101674.
Peterson, M. F., Kara, A., Fanimokun, A., & Smith, P. B. (2019). Country culture moderators of the relationship between gender and organizational commitment. Baltic Journal of Management, 14(3), 389–410.
Potipiroon, W., & Chumphong, O. (2024). Authoritarian leadership and firm-level voluntary turnover among SMEs in Thailand: Does benevolent leadership matter? International Journal of Emerging Markets, 19(10), 3182–3201.
Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2023). Organizational behavior (19th ed.). Pearson Education Limited.
Sebire, J. (2025). Systems leadership. In Leadership behaviours for effective policing (pp. 147–168). Routledge.
Serenko, A. (2020). Knowledge sabotage as an extreme form of counterproductive knowledge behavior: The perspective of the target. Journal of Knowledge Management, 24(4), 737–773.
Spears, R. (2021). Social influence and group identity. Annual Review of Psychology, 72(1), 367–390.
Stephens, D. L. (2023). Sociocultural and interpersonal influences on consumer behavior. In Essentials of consumer behavior (pp. 112–127). Routledge.
Stoermer, S., Davies, S., & Froese, F. J. (2021). The influence of expatriate cultural intelligence on organizational embeddedness and knowledge sharing: The moderating effects of host country context. Journal of International Business Studies, 52(3), 432–453.
Tangirala, S., & Ramanujam, R. (2012). Ask and you shall hear (but not always): Examining the relationship between manager consultation and employee voice. Personnel Psychology, 65(2), 251–282.
Teruna, D., & Ardiansyah, T. (2021). Model gaya kepemimpinan pada perusahaan di Indonesia. Jurnal Teknologi dan Manajemen, 19(1), 17–26.
Todd, S. Y., Harris, K. J., Harris, R. B., & Wheeler, A. R. (2009). Career success implications of political skill. The Journal of Social Psychology, 149(3), 279–304.
Tourish, D., & Robson, P. (2006). Sensemaking and the distortion of critical upward communication in organizations. Journal of Management Studies, 43(4), 711–730.
Tummers, L., Steijn, B., Nevicka, B., & Heerema, M. (2018). The effects of leadership and job autonomy on vitality: Survey and experimental evidence. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 38(3), 355–377.
Vroom, V., & Yetton, P. W. (1973). Leadership and decision-making (Vol. 110). University of Pittsburgh Press.
Wang, Q., Hou, H., & Li, Z. (2022). Participative leadership: A literature review and prospects for future research. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 924357.
Wayne, S. J., Shore, L. M., Bommer, W. H., & Tetrick, L. E. (2002). The role of fair treatment and rewards in perceptions of organizational support and leader-member exchange. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 590–598.
Yukl, G. (2013). Leadership in organizations (8th ed.). Pearson.
Yukl, G., & Falbe, C. M. (1990). Influence tactics and objectives in upward, downward, and lateral influence attempts. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75(2), 132–140.
Yukl, G., & Tracey, J. B. (1992). Consequences of influence tactics used with subordinates, peers, and the boss. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(4), 525–535.
Zhang, X., Li, N., Ullrich, J., & van Dick, R. (2015). Getting everyone on board: The effect of differentiated transformational leadership by CEOs on top management team effectiveness and leader-rated firm performance. Journal of Management, 41(7), 1898–1933.
Zhou, J., & George, J. M. (2001). When job dissatisfaction leads to creativity: Encouraging the expression of voice. Academy of Management Journal, 44(4), 682–696.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 JOURNAL OF ADMINISTRATIVE AND SOCIAL SCIENCE

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.