The Influence of Leadership Style, Motivation, and Work Discipline on Employee Performance at PT. CABE Melek Literasi

Authors

  • Ni Luh Eka Juniartini Politeknik Negeri Bali
  • Wayan Suryathi Politeknik Negeri Bali
  • Luh Kemala Putri Politeknik Negeri Bali

Keywords:

Hospitality, On-the-Job Training, Supervisor Guidance, Trainees, Work Readiness

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the influence of On-the-Job Training and Supervisor Guidance on trainees’ Work Readiness at LV8 Resort Hotel Canggu. Work readiness is a crucial issue in the hospitality industry because hotel service quality strongly depends on human resources who are able to understand work procedures, adapt to organizational culture, communicate professionally, and demonstrate discipline, responsibility, and service-oriented behavior. This study employed a quantitative approach with an associative research design. The research population consisted of all trainees participating in the workplace training program at LV8 Resort Hotel Canggu during the June–December 2025 period, totaling 61 respondents. A total sampling technique was applied, meaning that the entire population was used as the research sample. Data were collected using a five-point Likert-scale questionnaire and analyzed through validity testing, reliability testing, classical assumption testing, multiple linear regression, t-test, F-test, and coefficient of determination analysis. The findings reveal that On-the-Job Training has a positive and significant effect on Work Readiness, with a beta value of 0.538, t-value of 4.968, and p-value of 0.000. Supervisor Guidance also has a positive and significant effect on Work Readiness, with a beta value of 0.238, t-value of 2.201, and p-value of 0.032. Simultaneously, both variables significantly influence trainees’ work readiness, as indicated by an F-value of 13.958 and a p-value of 0.000. The Adjusted R Square value of 0.302 indicates that On-the-Job Training and Supervisor Guidance explain 30.2% of the variation in Work Readiness, while the remaining 69.8% is influenced by other factors outside the research model. These findings confirm that direct workplace experience and supervisor guidance are essential factors in developing hotel trainees’ readiness for professional employment. The practical implication of this study suggests that hotel management should improve the quality of OJT implementation, strengthen periodic evaluation, and optimize the role of supervisors as mentors so that trainees can develop stronger competence, confidence, adaptability, and readiness to enter the professional hospitality workforce.

References

Abolnasser, M. S. A., Abdou, A. H., Hassan, T. H., & Salem, A. E. (2023). Transformational leadership, employee engagement, job satisfaction, and psychological well-being among hotel employees after the height of the COVID-19 pandemic: A serial mediation model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(4), 3609. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20043609

Al-Husseini, S., El Beltagi, I., & Moizer, J. (2021). Transformational leadership and innovation: The mediating role of knowledge sharing amongst higher education faculty. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 24(5), 670–693. doi: 10.1080/13603124.2019.1588381

Avolio, B. J., Bass, B. M., & Jung, D. I. (1999). Re-examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 72(4), 441–462. doi: 10.1348/096317999166789

Avolio, B. J., Zhu, W., Koh, W., & Bhatia, P. (2004). Transformational leadership and organizational commitment: Mediating role of psychological empowerment and moderating role of structural distance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(8), 951–968. doi: 10.1002/job.283

Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The Job Demands-Resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309–328. doi: 10.1108/02683940710733115

Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2014). Job demands-resources theory. In P. Y. Chen & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Work and wellbeing: Wellbeing: A complete reference guide (pp. 37–64). Wiley-Blackwell. doi: 10.1002/9781118539415.wbwell019

Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P., & Taris, T. W. (2008). Work engagement: An emerging concept in occupational health psychology. Work & Stress, 22(3), 187–200. doi: 10.1080/02678370802393649

Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. Free Press.

Bass, B. M. (1999). Two decades of research and development in transformational leadership. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8(1), 9–32. doi: 10.1080/135943299398410

Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1994). Improving organizational effectiveness through transformational leadership. Sage Publications.

Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. John Wiley & Sons.

Breevaart, K., Bakker, A. B., Hetland, J., Demerouti, E., Olsen, O. K., & Espevik, R. (2014). Daily transactional and transformational leadership and daily employee engagement. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 87(1), 138–157. doi: 10.1111/joop.12041

Buil, I., Martínez, E., & Matute, J. (2019). Transformational leadership and employee performance: The role of identification, engagement and proactive personality. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 77, 64–75. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.06.014

Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. Harper & Row.

Christian, M. S., Garza, A. S., & Slaughter, J. E. (2011). Work engagement: A quantitative review and test of its relations with task and contextual performance. Personnel Psychology, 64(1), 89–136. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01203.x

Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. N. (1988). The empowerment process: Integrating theory and practice. Academy of Management Review, 13(3), 471–482. doi: 10.5465/amr.1988.4306983

Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M. S. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31(6), 874–900. doi: 10.1177/0149206305279602

Deci, E. L., Olafsen, A. H., & Ryan, R. M. (2017). Self-determination theory in work organizations: The state of a science. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4, 19–43. doi: 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032516-113108

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268. doi: 10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01

Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The Job Demands-Resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499–512. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499

Duțu, R., & Butucescu, A. (2019). On the link between transformational leadership and employees’ work engagement: The role of psychological empowerment. Psihologia Resurselor Umane, 17(2), 76–87.

Eliyana, A., Ma’arif, S., & Muzakki. (2019). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment effect in the transformational leadership towards employee performance. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 25(3), 144–150. doi: 10.1016/j.iedeen.2019.05.001

Gagné, M., & Deci, E. L. (2005). Self-determination theory and work motivation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(4), 331–362. doi: 10.1002/job.322

Ghadi, M. Y., Fernando, M., & Caputi, P. (2013). Transformational leadership and work engagement: The mediating effect of meaning in work. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 34(6), 532–550. doi: 10.1108/LODJ-10-2011-0110

Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2019). A primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.

Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., & Ray, S. (2021). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) using R: A workbook. Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7

Hancer, M., & George, R. T. (2003). Psychological empowerment of non-supervisory employees working in full-service restaurants. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 22(1), 3–16. doi: 10.1016/S0278-4319(02)00032-4

Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., & Hayes, T. L. (2002). Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(2), 268–279. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.87.2.268

Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. doi: 10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8

Judge, T. A., & Piccolo, R. F. (2004). Transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic test of their relative validity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(5), 755–768. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.89.5.755

Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692–724. doi: 10.5465/256287

Karatepe, O. M. (2013). High-performance work practices and hotel employee performance: The mediation of work engagement. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 32, 132–140. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.05.003

Maynard, M. T., Gilson, L. L., & Mathieu, J. E. (2012). Empowerment—fad or fab? A multilevel review of the past two decades of research. Journal of Management, 38(4), 1231–1281. doi: 10.1177/0149206312438773

Menon, S. T. (2001). Employee empowerment: An integrative psychological approach. Applied Psychology, 50(1), 153–180. doi: 10.1111/1464-0597.00052

Piccolo, R. F., & Colquitt, J. A. (2006). Transformational leadership and job behaviors: The mediating role of core job characteristics. Academy of Management Journal, 49(2), 327–340. doi: 10.5465/amj.2006.20786079

Rich, B. L., Lepine, J. A., & Crawford, E. R. (2010). Job engagement: Antecedents and effects on job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 53(3), 617–635. doi: 10.5465/amj.2010.51468988

Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. Guilford Press.

Saks, A. M. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(7), 600–619. doi: 10.1108/02683940610690169

Salanova, M., Agut, S., & Peiró, J. M. (2005). Linking organizational resources and work engagement to employee performance and customer loyalty: The mediation of service climate. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1217–1227. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1217

Schaufeli, W. B. (2017). Applying the Job Demands-Resources model: A “how to” guide to measuring and tackling work engagement and burnout. Organizational Dynamics, 46(2), 120–132. doi: 10.1016/j.orgdyn.2017.04.008

Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 293–315. doi: 10.1002/job.248

Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire: A cross-national study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(4), 701–716. doi: 10.1177/0013164405282471

Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of burnout and engagement: A two-sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 71–92. doi: 10.1023/A:1015630930326

Seibert, S. E., Wang, G., & Courtright, S. H. (2011). Antecedents and consequences of psychological and team empowerment in organizations: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(5), 981–1003. doi: 10.1037/a0022676

Spreitzer, G. M. (1995). Psychological empowerment in the workplace: Dimensions, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 38(5), 1442–1465. doi: 10.2307/256865

Spreitzer, G. M. (1996). Social structural characteristics of psychological empowerment. Academy of Management Journal, 39(2), 483–504. doi: 10.2307/256789

Thomas, K. W., & Velthouse, B. A. (1990). Cognitive elements of empowerment: An “interpretive” model of intrinsic task motivation. Academy of Management Review, 15(4), 666–681. doi: 10.5465/amr.1990.4310926

Tims, M., Bakker, A. B., & Xanthopoulou, D. (2011). Do transformational leaders enhance their followers’ daily work engagement? The Leadership Quarterly, 22(1), 121–131. doi: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.12.011

Van den Broeck, A., Ferris, D. L., Chang, C. H., & Rosen, C. C. (2016). A review of self-determination theory’s basic psychological needs at work. Journal of Management, 42(5), 1195–1229. doi: 10.1177/0149206316632058

Wang, G., Oh, I. S., Courtright, S. H., & Colbert, A. E. (2011). Transformational leadership and performance across criteria and levels: A meta-analytic review of 25 years of research. Personnel Psychology, 64(2), 223–270. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6570.2011.01207.x

Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2007). The role of personal resources in the Job Demands-Resources model. International Journal of Stress Management, 14(2), 121–141. doi: 10.1037/1072-5245.14.2.121

Yukl, G. (2013). Leadership in organizations (8th ed.). Pearson.

Zhang, X., & Bartol, K. M. (2010). Linking empowering leadership and employee creativity: The influence of psychological empowerment, intrinsic motivation, and creative process engagement. Academy of Management Journal, 53(1), 107–128. doi: 10.5465/amj.2010.48037118

Downloads

Published

2026-07-18