Kebebasan Berpendapat sebagai Pilar Demokrasi dalam Perspektif Hak Asasi Manusia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55606/jimas.v5i2.2370Keywords:
Democracy, Electronic Information Law, Freedom of Expression, Human Rights, ICCPRAbstract
Freedom of expression is one of the fundamental rights that serves as the primary foundation of modern democratic systems. This right is not only recognized in international legal instruments such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) Article 19, but is also explicitly guaranteed in the constitutions of democratic states, including Article 28E paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the position of freedom of expression as an essential pillar of democracy within the human rights framework, examine constitutional protection mechanisms and applicable limitations, and evaluate its implementation in the Indonesian legal system. The research method employed is normative legal research with a statute approach, conceptual approach, and comparative approach. The findings indicate that freedom of expression is not merely an individual right, but a collective instrument that enables meaningful public participation in democratic processes. Restrictions on this freedom must fulfill the requirements of legality, necessity, and proportionality as established by the Siracusa Principles. In Indonesia, the primary challenge lies in regulatory plurality that potentially creates overlapping provisions and the risk of criminalizing legitimate expression, particularly through the implementation of the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE).
References
Alston, P., & Goodman, R. (2013). International human rights: The successor to international human rights in context. Oxford University Press.
Amnesty International. (2023). Indonesia: UU ITE dan ancaman terhadap kebebasan berekspresi. Laporan Tahunan Indonesia 2022/2023.
Arinanto, S. (2008). Hak asasi manusia dalam transisi politik di Indonesia. Pusat Studi Hukum Tata Negara FHUI.
Asshiddiqie, J. (2010). Konstitusi dan konstitusionalisme Indonesia. Sinar Grafika.
Barendt, E. (2005). Freedom of speech (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
Dworkin, R. (1996). Freedom's law: The moral reading of the American Constitution. Harvard University Press.
European Court of Human Rights, Handyside v. United Kingdom, Application No. 5493/72, Judgment of 7 December 1976.
European Court of Human Rights, Jersild v. Denmark, Application No. 15890/89, Judgment of 23 September 1994.
European Court of Human Rights, Lingens v. Austria, Application No. 9815/82, Judgment of 8 July 1986.
Grimm, D. (2010). Freedom of speech in a globalized world. In I. Hare & J. Weinstein (Eds.), Extreme speech and democracy (pp. 11–22). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199548781.003.0002
Habermas, J. (1989). The structural transformation of the public sphere: An inquiry into a category of bourgeois society. MIT Press.
Kaye, D. (2019). Speech police: The global struggle to govern the internet. Columbia Global Reports.
Komnas HAM RI. (2023). Laporan tahunan Komnas HAM 2022: Situasi hak asasi manusia di Indonesia. Jakarta: Komnas HAM.
Lembaga Bantuan Hukum (LBH) Jakarta. (2023). Catatan akhir tahun 2022: Kriminalisasi kebebasan berekspresi. Jakarta: LBH Jakarta.
Mahfud MD. (2010). Membangun politik hukum, menegakkan konstitusi. Rajawali Pers.
Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia, Putusan Nomor 2/PUU-VII/2009, 02 Juli 2009.
Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia, Putusan Nomor 50/PUU-VI/2008, 22 Desember 2008.
Marzuki, P. M. (2010). Penelitian hukum. Kencana Prenada Media Group.
Mendel, T. (2010). Freedom of expression: A guide to the interpretation and meaning of Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights. Council of Europe.
Mill, J. S. (1859). On liberty. John W. Parker & Son.
Nowak, M. (2005). U.N. covenant on civil and political rights: CCPR commentary (2nd ed.). N.P. Engel Publisher.
Sunstein, C. R. (1995). Democracy and the problem of free speech. Free Press.
UN Commission on Human Rights. (1985). Siracusa principles on the limitation and derogation provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/1985/4.
UN Human Rights Committee. (2011). General comment No. 34: Article 19: Freedoms of opinion and expression. CCPR/C/GC/34.
Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945.
Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 sebagaimana telah diubah dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 19 Tahun 2016 dan Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2024 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik.
Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2005 tentang Pengesahan International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2005 Nomor 119).
Undang-Undang Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1999 Nomor 165).
Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 1999 tentang Pers (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1999 Nomor 166).
Undang-Undang Nomor 9 Tahun 1998 tentang Kemerdekaan Menyampaikan Pendapat di Muka Umum (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1998 Nomor 181).
United Nations General Assembly. (1948). Universal declaration of human rights, G.A. Res. 217A, U.N. Doc. A/810.
United Nations General Assembly. (1966). International covenant on civil and political rights, G.A. Res. 2200A (XXI), 999 U.N.T.S. 171.
United States Supreme Court, Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444 (1969).
United States Supreme Court, New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964).
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Management and Social Sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
