Tinjauan Hak Asasi Manusia dan Hukum Islam terhadap Fenomena Urban Sprawl

Abstract

Urban sprawl in metropolitan regions such as Greater Jakarta (Jabodetabek) has triggered ecological crises and socio-economic inequalities. Uncontrolled urban expansion reduces environmental carrying capacity through the conversion of productive land, increasing waste generation, and worsening air pollution. Normatively, this reality contradicts the constitutional guarantee of the right to a good and healthy environment as stipulated in Article 28H(1) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. This doctrinal legal research employs a conceptual approach to analyze the phenomenon of urban sprawl through the perspectives of Human Rights and Environmental Fiqh (fiqh al-bi'ah). The findings reveal that the destruction of living spaces resulting from uncontrolled land expansion violates the principles of right to appropriation and right to oeuvre within Henri Lefebvre's Right to the City theory. From the perspective of Islamic law, urban sprawl may be categorized as a form of fasad fi al-ardh (corruption or destruction on earth) that threatens the fulfillment of the maqashid al-shari'ah. The integration of these two perspectives affirms that spatial planning must be oriented toward public welfare (maslahah) and prioritize the prevention of harm. This paradigm positions ecological justice not only as a human right (rights to environment), but also as a right of the environment itself (environment's rights).